Drugs A to Z

DEA schedule: Not scheduled

Aerosols are inhalants, substances that produce intoxicating chemical vapors. Inhalants are products easily bought and found at home, school, or the workplace, such as spray paints, deodorant and hair sprays, vegetable oil sprays for cooking, and fabric protector sprays.

How do people use aerosols?

• By sniffing or snorting fumes from containers or bags (also known as bagging).
• By spraying aerosols directly into the nose or mouth.
• By huffing (breathing in) from an inhalant-soaked rag.

How do aerosols make people feel? 

The effects of aerosols may include:

• Effects similar to alcohol, sedatives, or early stages of anesthesia.
• A short-lasting high along with feelings of warmth and excitement.
• Light-headedness, seeing things in a distorted way, disorganized thinking.

Health risks of using aerosols:

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Confusion and delirium.
• Dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, lethargy, slower reflexes, and muscle weakness.
• Fatal heart failure, known as “sudden sniffing death.”

Are aerosols addictive?

Some people who use inhalants develop inhalant use disorder. Regular use of inhalants can lead to symptoms of withdrawal after a person stops using them, including irritability, anxiety, and drug craving.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat inhalant use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of inhalants.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens the health risks of inhalants and how they alter brain function. 

Commercial names: Adderall^® (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine), Dexedrine^® (dextroamphetamine), Vyvanse^® (lisdexamfetamine)

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Amphetamines are prescription stimulants generally used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Amphetamines are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed or taken without a prescription.

How do people take amphetamines? 

By swallowing tablets, capsules, or powder.

How do amphetamines make people feel? 

The effects of amphetamines may include:

• Increased alertness, attention, and energy.
• Enhanced mental performance (such as increased learning and memory).
• With repeated misuse, feelings of hostility or paranoia.

Health risks of taking amphetamines:

• Long-term misuse can increase the chance of developing psychosis.
• High doses can result in dangerously high body temperature and irregular heartbeat.
• Heart failure or seizures are possible.

Are amphetamines addictive? 

Some people who use amphetamines develop a stimulant use disorder. Withdrawal symptoms can include fatigue, depression, and disturbed sleep patterns.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat stimulant use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medicine misuse.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about prescription stimulants and the health risks of misusing them.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about ADHD prescription medications like Adderall and Ritalin.

Commercial names: Oxandrin^® (Nandrolone), Anadrol^® (oxandrolone), Anadrol-50^® (oxymetholone), Depo-testosterone^® (testosterone cypionate)

DEA schedule: Schedule III

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic (lab-made) substances similar to the male sex hormone testosterone. They promote the growth of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects). Anabolic steroids are prescribed to treat delayed puberty and muscle loss due to disease and to treat low levels of testosterone in men with an associated medical condition.

Anabolic steroids are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed or taken without a prescription.

How do people take anabolic steroids?

• By swallowing tablets or capsules.
• By injecting.
• By applying to the skin as gels and creams.

How do anabolic steroids make people feel?

Anabolic steroids do not cause euphoria (intense feelings of pleasure), but their effects may include:

• Changes in mood, including anxiety, irritability, and increased aggression.
• Faster recovery from muscle strain and injury, but studies have not found consistent evidence for this.

Health risks of using anabolic steroids:

• Severe, long-lasting, and in some cases, irreversible damage, including to the heart, hormonal system, and liver.
• Early heart attacks, strokes, liver tumors, kidney failure, and psychiatric problems. 
• In males, the health risks can include decreased sperm production, enlarged breasts, shrinking of the testicles, male-pattern baldness, and testicular cancer.
• In females, the health risks can include deepening of the voice, decreased breast size, coarse skin, excessive body hair growth, and male-pattern baldness.

Are anabolic steroids addictive? 

Some people who use anabolic steroids develop a substance use disorder. Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Fatigue.
• Restlessness.
• Loss of appetite.
• Insomnia.
• Reduced sex drive.
• Cravings.
• Depression.
• Suicidality.

Approved treatments: 

Treatments for anabolic steroid use disorder usually focus on the underlying causes of steroid use. Treatments may include behavioral therapies, hormone therapies, and antidepressants. 

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of anabolic steroids and other appearance and performance enhancing drugs (APEDs). 
   

DEA schedule: DMT is a Schedule I drug

Ayahuasca is a tea often made from the plant Psychotria viridis, which contains the psychedelic drug dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and the vine Banisteriopsis caapi. But sometimes other plants are used. Historically, it has been used by indigenous South Americans of the Amazon for religious and healing rituals.    

How do people take ayahuasca?

By drinking as a brewed tea.

How does ayahuasca make people feel?

Effects of ayahuasca may include:

• Temporary changes in thought patterns, mood, and perceptions of reality.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• A feeling of connectedness. 
• Fear, anxiety, and confusion.

Health risks of using ayahuasca:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Nausea and vomiting.

Is ayahuasca addictive?

Very little scientific research has been conducted on ayahuasca. Psychedelic drugs related to DMT, such as psilocybin and LSD, are generally considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a hallucinogen-related substance use disorder. More research is needed.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

Commercial names: Sezaby^® (phenobarbital sodium), Brevital Sodium^® (methohexital), Seconal^® (secobarbital), Mysoline^® (primidone)

DEA schedule: Schedule II, III, and IV

Barbiturates are depressants that have been used to treat seizure disorders, insomnia, and anxiety. However, barbiturates are less commonly prescribed now.

Barbiturates are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed or taken without a prescription.

How do people take barbiturates?

• By swallowing tablets or capsules.
• By injecting.

How do barbiturates make people feel?

Effects of barbiturates may include:

• Drowsiness.
• Feeling calm.
• Problems with movement and memory.

Health risks of using barbiturates: 

Barbiturates slow down the central nervous system and cause drowsiness. They can also lower heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, which, in large doses, can lead to death.

Are barbiturates addictive?

People who use barbiturates may develop a substance use disorder. This type of use disorder is called a sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder. 

Withdrawal symptoms can include nervousness, tremors, agitation, seizures, delirium, and psychosis.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription drug misuse.

Commercial names: Xanax^® (alprazolam), Librium^® (chlorodiazepoxide), Valium^® (diazepam), Ativan^® (lorazepam), Halicon^® (triazolam)

DEA schedule: Schedule IV 

Benzodiazepines are depressants that are most commonly used to treat anxiety, panic disorder, seizures, insomnia, and muscle spasms.

Benzodiazepines are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed or taken without a prescription.

How do people take benzodiazepines?

• By swallowing tablets or capsules.
• By snorting crushed tablets.

How do benzodiazepines make people feel?

Effects of benzodiazepines may include:

• Drowsiness.
• Feeling calm.
• Problems with movement and memory.

Health risks of using benzodiazepines:

Benzodiazepines slow down the central nervous system and cause drowsiness. They can also cause:

• Slowed breathing.
• Confusion.
• Headache.
• Fainting.
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• Tremors.

Combining benzodiazepines with alcohol, opioids, or other drugs increases their negative effects.

Are benzodiazepines addictive? 

People who use benzodiazepines may develop a substance use disorder. This type of use disorder is called a sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include rebound insomnia and anxiety, as well as tension, difficulty concentrating, fear, fatigue restlessness, and irritability.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

However, Flumazenil is approved for the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription drug misuse.
• Learn how taking opioids in combination with depressants increases the risk of life-threatening overdose.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Cannabis refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the Cannabis Sativa L plant. The plant has many different chemical compounds, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which has intoxicating—mind altering—effects. The information below is about cannabis products with THC.

How do people take cannabis?

• By inhaling as joints or vaping devices, or while dabbing (smoking or vaporizing highly concentrated oils or extracts).
• By mixing or adding to foods (edibles).
• By swallowing as a tincture (cannabis-infused alcohol or oils)
• Applying to the skin as a lotion or balm.

How does cannabis make people feel?

The effects of THC vary dramatically but may include:

• Feeling relaxed.
• An increased appetite.
• Irritability and restlessness.
• Anxiety.
• Fear.
• Distrust.
• Panic.
• Hallucinations.

Health risks of using cannabis:

Frequent or heavy cannabis use has been linked to problems in brain functions like learning and memory, attention, processing speed, perceptual motor function, and language.

Long-term cannabis smoking is associated with:

• Respiratory issues.
• Increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and arrythmias.
• Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), which causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
• Increased risk of developing head, neck, or throat cancer.
• Increased risk of earlier onset of psychosis in people with genetic risks for psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.
• Increased risk of depression, suicidal thoughts and behaviors in teens. 

Is cannabis addictive?

Some people who use cannabis may develop a cannabis use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Irritability, anger, and aggression.
• Feelings of nervousness and anxiety.
• Restlessness.
• Decreased appetite or weight.
• Depression.
• Insomnia or experiencing strange or unsettling dreams.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Abdominal pain.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat cannabis use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of cannabis.

Commercial names: Numbrino^® (cocaine hydrochloride nasal solution)

DEA schedule: Schedule II 

Cocaine is an addictive stimulant. It is made from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca), which is native to South America.

Cocaine can be used as a local anesthesia for some eye, ear, nose, and throat surgeries. However, most cocaine is illegally made.   

How do people take cocaine?

• By rubbing on gums.
• By snorting.
• By dissolving in water and injecting it.
• By smoking (crack cocaine).

How does cocaine make people feel?

Effects of cocaine in small amounts may include:

• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Increased energy.
• Feeling talkative.
• Feeling mentally alert.
• Hypersensitivity to sight, sound, and touch.

Cocaine used in higher doses can lead to:

• Increased irritability.
• Restlessness.
• Panic attacks.
• Paranoia.
• Psychosis.

Health risks of using cocaine:

• Disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks.
• Headaches.
• Seizures.
• Stroke.
• Coma.
• Bleeding in the brain.
• Abdominal pain and nausea.

Is cocaine addictive?

People who use cocaine may develop a cocaine use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include depression, tiredness, increased appetite, insomnia, slowed thinking and movement, and restlessness.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat stimulant use disorders. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of cocaine.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about the body’s response to cocaine.

DEA schedule: Schedule II, III

Codeine is a prescription opioid pain reliever used for mild to moderate pain.

Codeine is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

How do people take codeine?

• By swallowing tablets or oral syrup.
• By injecting.

How does codeine make people feel?

Effects of codeine may include:

• Relief from pain.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using codeine:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Respiratory depression (breathing too slowly or shallowly).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®) are given quickly.

Is codeine addictive?

People who misuse codeine may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).

Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• Learn more about medications to treat opioid use disorder.

Delta-8 THC is an intoxicating cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. Delta-8 THC products have not been FDA-approved for safe use.

How do people take Delta-8 THC:

• By inhaling as joints, vaping devices, or while dabbing (smoking or vaporizing highly concentrated oils or extracts).
• By mixing or adding to foods (edibles).

How does Delta-8 THC make people feel?

The effects of THC may vary dramatically among different people but may include:

• Feeling relaxed.
• An increased appetite.
• Irritability and restlessness.
• Anxiety.
• Fear.
• Distrust.
• Panic.
• Hallucinations.

Health risks of using Delta-8 THC:

Consuming products containing delta-8-THC has led to medical emergencies, including breathing and psychiatric problems. These products are largely unregulated, and other product ingredients or contaminants could also have unpredictable negative health effects.

There is limited research on the health effects and addiction potential of delta-8-THC and other intoxicating cannabinoids.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of cannabis.

Depressants slow down brain activity. They are often used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders.

Depressants are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

Examples of depressants:

• Barbiturates.
• Benzodiazepines.
• GHB.
• Sleep Medications (non-benzodiazepine).
• Tianeptine.
• Xylazine.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medicine misuse.

Commercial names: Tussin Cough DM, Mucinex DM^®, Vicks DayQuil Cough DM^®, Robitussin DM^®, Delsym^®, or other DM products

DEA schedule: Not scheduled

Dextromethorphan is a cough suppressant found in many over-the-counter cold medications.

Dextromethorphan is misused when it is taken in a way or dose other than directed or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

How do people take dextromethorphan?

By swallowing syrup, tablets, or capsules.

How does dextromethorphan make people feel?

Effects of dextromethorphan may include:

• Mild stimulation.
• Intoxication.

At high doses, a person may have:

• Hallucinations.
• Feelings of physical distortion.
• Confusion and delirium.
• Paranoia.
• Anxiety.
• Aggression.

Health risks of using dextromethorphan:

• Hyperexcitability.
• Poor motor control.
• Lack of energy.
• Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting.
• Vision changes.
• Slurred speech.
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Sweating.

Is dextromethorphan addictive?

Dextromethorphan is not considered to have significant addiction risk, as its misuse may produce unpleasant dissociative and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Approved treatments:

Treatment of dextromethorphan misuse usually involves managing symptoms of intoxication and may include medications such as antipsychotics or benzodiazepines.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects over-the-counter medications.

Dissociative drugs can temporarily alter a person’s mood, thoughts, and perceptions of reality. These drugs primarily affect how the brain processes a chemical called glutamate. Dissociative drugs can make people feel disconnected from their body and environment.

Examples of dissociative drugs:

• Ketamine.
• PCP (angel dust).

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a chemical compound found in plants native to the Amazon rainforest. These plants are sometimes used to make a tea called ayahuasca. Synthetic (lab-made) DMT is white crystalline powder.

How do people take DMT?

• By drinking as a brewed tea.
• By smoking as a powder.

How does DMT make people feel?

The effects of DMT may include:

• Temporarily altered thought patterns, mood, and perceptions of reality.
• Feelings of intense happiness.
• A feeling of connectedness.
• Fear, anxiety, and confusion.

Health risks of using DMT:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Nausea and vomiting.

Is DMT addictive?

Very little scientific research has been conducted on DMT. Psychedelic drugs related to DMT, such as psilocybin and LSD, are generally considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a hallucinogen-related substance use disorder. More research is needed.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

Commercial names: Actiq^®, Subsys^®, Lazanda^®, Fentora^®

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic (lab-made) opioid that is FDA-approved to treat severe pain after surgery and complex pain conditions. Over the past decade, fentanyl that is made and distributed illegally (sometimes called “illicitly manufactured fentanyl”) and other illegally made synthetic opioids have been increasingly found in the drug supply.

Most misused fentanyl is illegally made. It may be taken on purpose or unknowingly. For example, fentanyl can be added to counterfeit prescription pills or other illegal drugs.

How do people take fentanyl?

• By placing in the mouth or on the tongue as a lozenge, sublingual tablet, film, buccal tablet, or saturated absorbent paper (blotter paper).
• By dropping in eyes.
• By applying to the skin as a transdermal patch.
• By spraying in the nose.
• By injecting.
• By snorting or sniffing.
• By smoking.

Fentanyl can also be taken unknowingly when it is added to (or substituted for) other drugs.

How does fentanyl make people feel?

The effects of fentanyl may include:

• Relief from pain.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using fentanyl:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Respiratory depression (breathing too slowly or shallowly).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®), are given quickly.

Is fentanyl addictive?

People who use fentanyl may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).
Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as contingency management or cognitive behavioral therapy.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of fentanyl.
• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• Learn more about medications to treat opioid use disorder.

Commercial names: Rohypnol^®

DEA schedule: Schedule III

Flunitrazepam belongs to a group of drugs called benzodiazepines. It is chemically similar to prescription sedatives, but flunitrazepam is not FDA-approved for medical use in the United States. Outside the United States, flunitrazepam is prescribed to treat insomnia.

Flunitrazepam has been used to commit sexual assaults because it has strong sedation effects.

How do people take flunitrazepam?

• By swallowing tablets or dissolving tablets in liquid.
• By snorting.

How does flunitrazepam make people feel?

Effects of flunitrazepam may include:

• Drowsiness.
• Feeling calm.
• Problems with movement and memory.

Health risks of using flunitrazepam:

Flunitrazepam slows down the central nervous system and causes drowsiness. It can also cause:

• Slowed breathing.
• Confusion.
• Headache.
• Fainting.
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• Tremors.

Combining benzodiazepines with alcohol, opioids, or other drugs increases their negative effects.

Is flunitrazepam addictive?

People who use flunitrazepam may develop a substance use disorder. This type of use disorder is called a sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include rebound insomnia and anxiety, as well as tension, difficulty concentrating, fear, fatigue restlessness, and irritability. 

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

However, Flumazenil is approved for the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose.

Read more:

• Rohypnol^® Fact Sheet from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

DEA schedule: Not scheduled

Gases are inhalants, substances that produce intoxicating vapors. They include medical anesthetics (ether, chloroform, halothane, and nitrous oxide) and household and commercial products (whipped cream dispensers, butane lighters, propane tanks, and refrigerants).

How do people use gases?

• By sniffing or snorting fumes from containers or bags (also known as bagging).
• By spraying aerosols directly into the nose or mouth.
• By huffing (breathing in) from an inhalant-soaked rag.
• By inhaling from balloons filled with nitrous oxide.

How do gases make people feel? 

Effects of gases may include:

• Effects similar to alcohol, sedatives, or early stages of anesthesia.
• A short-lasting high along with feelings of warmth and excitement.
• Light-headedness, seeing things in a distorted way, disorganized thinking.

Health risks of using gases:

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Confusion and delirium.
• Dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, lethargy, slower reflexes, and muscle weakness.
• Fatal heart failure, known as “sudden sniffing death.”

Are gases addictive?

Some people who use gases develop inhalant use disorder. Regular use of inhalants can lead to symptoms of withdrawal after a person stops using them, including irritability, anxiety, and drug craving.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat inhalation use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of inhalants.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens the health risks of inhalants.

Commercial name: Xyrem^® 

DEA schedule: Schedule I, II

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a depressant approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy, a disorder that causes daytime "sleep attacks.”

GHB and similar substances may be misused for their euphoric and sedative effects. GHB has been used to commit sexual assaults because of its strong sedation effects. It is also used as a “party and play” or chemsex drug among some gay and bisexual men.

How do people take GHB?

• By swallowing as a liquid or by dissolving powder in a liquid.
• By snorting.

How does GHB make people feel?

The effects of GHB may include:

• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Feeling relaxed.
• Problems with movement and memory.

Health risks of using GHB:

Low doses of GHB can cause nausea. High doses can lead to:

• Unconsciousness.
• Seizures.
• Slowed breathing and heart rate.
• Lower body temperature.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Coma.
• Death.

Is GHB addictive?

Some people who use GHB develop substance use disorder. 

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat a substance use disorder related to GHB. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• GHB Drug Fact Sheet from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance taken from the seed pod of the various opium poppy plants grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia, Mexico, and Columbia.

It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder that is “cut” with (mixed with) sugars, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. “Black tar” heroin is sticky like roofing tar or hard like coal. The dark color results from crude processing methods that leave behind impurities.

How do people take heroin?

• By snorting or sniffing.
• By smoking.
• By injecting.

How does heroin make people feel?

The effects of heroin may include:

• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Relief from pain.
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using heroin:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Respiratory depression (breathing too slowly or shallowly).
• Overdose and death.

Repeated heroin use deteriorates the brain’s white matter, which may affect decision-making abilities, the ability to regulate behavior, and responses to stressful situations.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan®), are given quickly.

Is heroin addictive?

People who use heroin may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).
Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of heroin.
• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• Learn more about medications to treat opioid use disorder.

Commercial names: Vicodin^®, Lortab^®

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Hydrocodone is a prescription opioid medication approved by the FDA for pain management.

Hydrocodone is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

How do people take hydrocodone?

By swallowing tablets or capsules.

How does hydrocodone make people feel?

The effects of hydrocodone may include:

• Relief from pain.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using hydrocodone:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Respiratory depression (breathing too slowly or shallowly).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®), are given quickly.

Is hydrocodone addictive?

People who use hydrocodone may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).
Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

Commercial names: Dilaudid^®

DEA schedule: Schedule II

How do people take hydromorphone?

• By swallowing tablets, capsules, or liquid.
• By injecting.

How does hydromorphone make people feel?

The effects of hydromorphone may include:

• Relief from pain.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using hydromorphone:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Respiratory depression (breathing too slowly or shallowly).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®), are given quickly.

Is hydromorphone addictive?

People who use hydromorphone may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).
Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

DEA Schedule: Schedule I

Ibogaine is a chemical compound that comes from the bark of certain plants. These include the iboga shrub, which is used in initiation rites and religious rituals in West Africa.

Ibogaine has psychedelic properties, but it affects different aspects of brain activity than other psychedelic or dissociative drugs. Also, ibogaine can directly affect the heart’s electrical activity, and people with heart conditions are at risk for negative, potentially fatal effects from it. 

How do people take ibogaine?

• By swallowing dried root bark as a powder in a capsule, tablet, or mixed in a tincture.
• By drinking as a tea.

How does ibogaine make people feel?

The effects of ibogaine have not been well studied and may be difficult to predict, but may include:

• Increased energy.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Hallucinations.
• Feelings of a dream-like state.

A few studies have suggested that ibogaine can reduce substance use withdrawal symptoms and cravings, but deaths have been reported in these studies and more research is needed.

Health risks of using ibogaine:

Negative effects can include:

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Poor muscle control.
• Headache.
• Whole body tremors.
• Seizures.
• Cardiac arrest (when the heart suddenly stops beating), leading to death.

Is ibogaine addictive?

Limited research suggests that taking ibogaine does not typically lead to a substance use disorder.

Read more: 

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications. 

Inhalants are a class of substances that produce intoxicating chemical vapors that people inhale.  

There are four general categories of inhalants:

• Aerosols.
• Gases.
• Nitrites.
• Volatile solvents.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of inhalants.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens the health risks of inhalants, and how they alter brain function. 

Commercial names: Ketalar^®, Ketaset (veterinarian use)

DEA schedule: Schedule III

Ketamine is a chemical compound approved by the FDA for use in short-term sedation and anesthesia in humans and animals. A ketamine derivative, esketamine, is approved by the FDA for treatment-resistant depression in adults.

Ketamine is also illegally made and sold as a liquid or off-white powder.

How do people take ketamine?

• By injecting.
• By swallowing as a liquid or mixing into drinks.
• By snorting.
• By smoking.

How does ketamine make people feel?

Effects of ketamine may include:

• Altered perception. 
• Happiness.
• Feelings of detachment from environment.
• Out-of-body sensations.

At higher doses, a person may experience extreme detachment from their body and reality. This is called being in a k-hole.

Health risks of using ketamine:

• Headache.
• Dizziness.
• Sleepiness.
• Feeling strange or “loopy.” 
• Difficulty speaking.
• Numbness.
• Blurred vision.
• Nausea.

Long-term, heavy use of ketamine is associated with memory problems, depression, anxiety, abdominal pain, and ketamine-induced uropathy, a condition that causes symptoms like those of a urinary tract infection.

Is ketamine addictive?

People who use ketamine may develop a ketamine use disorder.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat ketamine use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of ketamine.

DEA schedule: Schedule I (cathinone), IV (cathine)

Khat is a shrub (Catha edulis) found in East Africa and Southern Arabia. It contains the stimulant drugs cathinone and cathine.

How do people take khat?

• By chewing.
• By drinking as a tea.
• By swallowing as a chewable paste or sprinkled on food.
• By smoking.

How does khat make people feel?

The effects of khat are similar to other stimulants, such as amphetamines.

Health risks of using khat:

The health risks of khat are also similar to other stimulants and can include:

• Increased blood pressure and heart rate.
• Insomnia. 
• Gastrointestinal symptoms.

Is khat addictive?

Some people who use khat may develop a stimulant use disorder. 

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat stimulant use disorders. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• Khat Fact Sheet from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

DEA schedule: Not scheduled

Kratom is the name for both a tree native to Southeast Asia (Mitragyna speciosa) and the products that are made from its leaves and marketed as herbal supplements. Kratom has effects related to both opioids and stimulants.

How do people take kratom?

• By swallowing capsules, powder, or liquid kratom extract.
• By mixing into food or drinks.
• By drinking as a tea.

How does kratom make people feel?

The effects of kratom may include:

• Stimulant-like effects, like increased energy, alertness, and rapid heart rate.
• Opioid and sedative-like effects, like relaxation, pain relief, and confusion.

Health risks of using kratom:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Dizziness.
• Drowsiness.

Is kratom addictive?

Studies suggest people may experience mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms when they stop regular kratom use. More research is needed to determine whether kratom use can lead to substance use disorder and how to treat it.

Read more:

• Read about NIDA research on the health effects of kratom. 

Commercial name: Imodium^®

DEA schedule: Not scheduled

Loperamide is an over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medication. It is an opioid designed not to enter the brain, which prevents it from causing the same effects as other opioids However, taking large amounts and combining it with other substances, may cause it to act in a similar way to other opioids.

Loperamide is misused when it is taken in a way or dose other than directed or taken to boost the effects of other drugs.

How do people take loperamide?

By swallowing tablets, capsules, or liquid. 

How does loperamide make people feel?

Loperamide can cause feelings of relaxation or happiness, similar to other opioids. Some people use it to lessen opioid cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

Health risks of using loperamide:

• Fainting.
• Stomach pain.
• Constipation.
• Eye Changes.
• Loss of consciousness.
• Rapid or erratic heartbeat.
• Kidney problems.

Is loperamide addictive?

People who misuse loperamide may develop a substance use disorder. The symptoms of withdrawal from loperamide have not been well studied.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat a loperamide-related substance use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of over-the-counter medications.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), or “acid,” is a clear or white, odorless, synthetic (lab-made) substance derived from chemicals in fungi that grow on rye and other grains.

How do people take LSD?

• By swallowing tablets, “micro-dots,” or clear liquid.
• By swallowing saturated absorbent blotter papers that are divided into small, decorated squares.

How does LSD make people feel?

The effects of psychedelic drugs may be difficult to predict and may include:

• Strong emotions, including intense happiness and a feeling of connectedness.
• Fear, anxiety, and confusion.
• Seeing hallucinations, such as vibrant shapes, colors, and scenes.
• Reliving vivid memories.

Health risks of using LSD:

• Negative effects include headache, nausea, and changes in heart rate.

Is LSD addictive?

Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD, are generally considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a hallucinogen-related substance use disorder. More research is needed. 

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

MDMA is a synthetic (lab-made) drug that has effects similar to stimulants like methamphetamine. However, some researchers consider MDMA to be a psychedelic drug because it can also mildly alter visual and time perception.

How do people take MDMA?

• By swallowing as tablets, capsules, or liquid.
• By snorting crushed tablets.

How does MDMA make people feel?

The effects of MDMA may include:

• Increased energy and alertness.
• Increased sense of well-being, warmth, and openness toward others.
• Increased sensitivity to sights, sounds, touch and smells.

Health risks of using MDMA:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Elevated body temperature.
• Involuntary jaw clenching.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Restless legs.

People who regularly use MDMA may experience:

• Poor sleep.
• Lack of appetite. 
• Confusion.
• Depression.
• Anxiety.
• Paranoia.
• Memory or attention problems.

Is MDMA addictive?

Some people who use MDMA may develop a MDMA-related substance use disorder. Long-term recreational use is associated with heart valve damage and impaired attention, learning, and memory.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat MDMA-related substance use disorders. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of MDMA (ecstasy).
• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

Commercial name: Demerol^®

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Meperidine is a prescription opioid pain reliever used for severe, acute pain.

Meperidine is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

How do people take meperidine?

• By swallowing tablets or syrup.
• By injecting as a solution.

How does meperidine make people feel?

The effects of meperidine may include:

• Relief from pain.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using meperidine: 

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Breathing too slowly or shallowly (respiratory depression).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications such as naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®) are given quickly.

Is meperidine addictive?

People who use meperidine may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia.

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).

Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Mescaline is the active ingredient found in peyote, a small cactus native to America’s southwest and northern Mexico. Mescaline can also be lab-made (synthetic).

How do people take mescaline?

• By swallowing capsules, or liquid.
• By chewing.
• By smoking.

While there has been less research on mescaline than on other psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocybin, its use appears to provoke similar feelings and side effects.

How does mescaline make people feel?

The effects of psychedelic drugs may be difficult to predict and may include:

• Strong emotions, including intense happiness and a feeling of connectedness.
• Fear, anxiety, and confusion.
• Seeing hallucinations, such as vibrant shapes, colors, and scenes.
• Reliving vivid memories.

Health risks of using mescaline:

• Side-effects include headache, nausea, or changes in heart rate.

Is mescaline addictive?

Very little scientific research has been conducted on mescaline. Psychedelic drugs are generally considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a hallucinogen-related substance use disorder. More research is needed.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

Commercial name: Methadose^®, Diskets^®

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Methadone is a prescription opioid used to treat severe and persistent pain.

Methadone has also been prescribed to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) for more than 50 years. It eliminates withdrawal symptoms and relieves drug cravings by acting on opioid receptors in the brain.

Methadone is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed or taken without a prescription. However, data suggest that methadone is mostly misused in attempts to control symptoms of withdrawal and cravings for other opioids, and not to get “high.”

How do people take methadone?

• By swallowing tablets, dispersible tablets (tablets dissolved in liquid) or liquid.
• By injecting as a solution.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on naloxone, a medicine that rapidly reverses and opioid overdose.
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Methamphetamine is a synthetic (lab-made) stimulant with high addiction potential. When sold as shiny bluish-white rocks or crystals, it may be called “crystal meth.”

How do people take methamphetamine?

• By smoking (crystal meth).
• By mouth as tablets. 
• By snorting.
• By injecting.

How does methamphetamine make people feel?

The effects of methamphetamine may include:

• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Increased alertness and energy.
• Decreased appetite.
• Confidence.
• Increased sex drive.
• Paranoia.
• Anxiety.

Health risks of using methamphetamine:

• Rapid heart rate or irregular heartbeat.
• Increased blood pressure. 
• Kidney damage.
• Nonfatal overdose (“overamping”).
• Overdose and death.

Long-term, heavy use may lead to:

• Heart disease and failure.
• Stroke.
• Psychosis.
• Insomnia.
• Decreased cognitive thinking.
• Increased chance of bacterial infections, HIV, or viral hepatitis.
• Tooth decay and loss (“meth mouth”).
• Decreased sexual function in men.

Methamphetamine, taken alone or combined with fentanyl, contributes to the overdose crisis in the United States.

Is methamphetamine addictive?

People who use methamphetamine may develop methamphetamine use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Depression.
• Anxiety.
• Sleep problems.
• Pain. 
• Toothaches.
• Body aches.
• Trouble thinking.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat methamphetamine or other stimulant use disorders. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of methamphetamine.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about the body’s response to methamphetamine.
• NIDA video about research at the intersection of sex, meth, and HIV.

Commercial names: Concerta^®, Ritalin^®, Daytrana^®

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Methylphenidate is a prescription stimulant generally used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methylphenidate is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed or taken without a prescription. People may misuse methylphenidate to get “high,” to improve school performance, or to help lose weight by reducing appetite.

How do people take methylphenidate?

• By swallowing tablets, capsules, or liquid.
• By snorting.
• By injecting.
• By applying to the skin as a transdermal patch.

How does methylphenidate make people feel?

The effects of methylphenidate include increased wakefulness and energy.

Repeated misuse can lead to:

• Feelings of hostility.
• Paranoia.
• Psychosis.

Health risks of using methylphenidate:

• Gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Insomnia and nervousness.
• Headaches.

Is methylphenidate addictive?

People who misuse methylphenidate may develop a stimulant use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Fatigue. 
• Depression.
• Disturbed sleep patterns.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat stimulant use disorders. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medicine misuse.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about prescription stimulants and the health risks of misusing them.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about ADHD prescription medications like Adderall and Ritalin. 

Commercial names: MS Contin^®, Infumorph^®, Mitigo^®, Duramorph^®

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Morphine is a prescription opioid pain reliever used for severe, acute pain.

Morphine is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost the intoxicating effects.

How do people take morphine?

• By swallowing tablets or liquid.
• By injecting as a solution.

How does morphine make people feel?

The effects of morphine may include:

• Relief from pain.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using morphine:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Breathing too slowly or shallowly (respiratory depression).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if opioid overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®), are given quickly.

Is morphine addictive?

People who misuse morphine may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).

Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

NBOMes (N-Benzylphenethylamines) are lab-made (synthetic) chemical compounds originally developed for use in brain research. They are sometimes sold as LSD but are more potent with higher risk of severe effects.

How do NBOMes make people feel?

The effects of NBOMes can be difficult to predict and may include:

• Strong emotions, including intense happiness and a feeling of connectedness.
• Fear, anxiety, and confusion.
• Seeing hallucinations, such as vibrant shapes, colors, and scenes.
• Reliving vivid memories.

Health risks of using NBOMes:

• Negative effects include headache, nausea, or changes in heart rate.

Are NBOMes addictive?

Psychedelic drugs are generally considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a hallucinogen-related substance use disorder. More research is needed.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.
• NIDA research on emerging drugs.

DEA Schedule: Not scheduled

Nicotine is a highly addictive chemical compound found in the tobacco plant. It can also be made in a laboratory (synthetic). Nicotine is found in all tobacco products, including cigarettes and vaping solutions, and in new tobacco-free products such as tobacco-free vaping solutions and oral nicotine pouches. Nicotine is the chemical that causes tobacco addiction.

A small amount of nicotine is used in nicotine replacement therapy to help with withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement therapy products include gum, patches, sprays, inhalers, and lozenges.

How do people take nicotine?

• By smoking cigarettes, hookahs, cigars, or cigarillos.
• By inhaling vapor (cartridge or tank filled with liquid).
• By chewing tobacco, or nicotine gum.
• By inhaling through the mouth or nose (inhaler or dry snuff).
• By spraying in nostrils.
• By placing in mouth as a lozenge.
• By placing in mouth as powdered, shredded tobacco (dip, snus), or nicotine pouches (such as Zyn^®).

How does nicotine make people feel?

The effects of nicotine may include:

• A “buzz” caused in part by a release of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). The rush increases blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate.
• Feelings of pleasure and relaxation.

Health risks of using nicotine:

• Impaired lung function.
• Increased risk of oral health problems.
• Increased risk of depression and insomnia.
• Increased risk of certain cancers.

In teens, nicotine use may cause changes to the development of the parts of the brain that control attention and learning. Other risks include mood disorders, and problems with impulse control.

Is nicotine addictive?

People who use nicotine may develop nicotine use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Irritability.
• Craving.
• Depression.
• Anxiety.
• Cognitive and attention deficits.
• Sleep disturbances.
• Increased appetite. 

Approved treatments:

Effective treatments include both behavioral therapies and FDA-approved medications: Bupropion (Zyban^®), Varenicline (Chantix^®), and nicotine replacement products.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of tobacco, nicotine, and e-cigarettes.
• National Cancer Institute research on cancer prevention for people who use tobacco.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about how nicotine affects the teen brain.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about the body’s response to nicotine, tobacco and vaping.

Commercial names: Rush, Super Rush, Jungle Juice, Locker Room, Sub-Zero, Iron Horse

DEA schedule: Not Scheduled

Nitrites are inhalants, substances that produce intoxicating vapors. They are not approved by the FDA for safe use, but they are sold online and in adult novelty stores as air fresheners, leather cleaners, and other products.

How do people take nitrites?

By inhaling from glass vials (poppers).

How do nitrites make people feel?

The effects of nitrites may include:

• Mild euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Increased blood flow.
• Relaxed muscles.

Health risks of using nitrites:

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Confusion.
• Dizziness.
• Fatal heart failure, known as “sudden sniffing death.”

Are nitrites addictive?

Some people who use nitrites develop inhalant use disorder.

Symptoms of withdrawal include:

• Irritability.
• Anxiety.
• Cravings.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat inhalant use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of inhalants.
• NIDA research on substance use and HIV.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens the health risks of inhalants, and how they alter brain function.

Opioids are a class of drugs that include:

• Prescription opioids such as fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, and morphine.
• Illegal opioids such as heroin and illegally made fentanyl.

After they are taken, opioids enter the bloodstream and travel through the body and to the brain. They bind to specific molecules called opioid receptors on certain nerve cells in the brain, the spinal cord, and throughout the body. These receptors help control pain, regulate breathing (respiration), and reduce stress responses.

Prescription opioids are mainly used for the treatment of pain. They can also help treat cough and diarrhea.

Opioids are also depressant drugs.

Opioids are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken to increase euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being) with other drugs.

Example of opioids:

• Codeine.
• Fentanyl.
• Heroin.
• Hydrocodone.
• Hydromorphone.
• Meperidine.
• Methadone.
• Morphine.
• Oxycodone.
• Tramadol.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

Commercial names: OxyContin^®, Roxicodone^®, Roxybond^®, Xtampza^® ER 

DEA schedule: Schedule II

Oxycodone is a prescription opioid pain reliever used for severe, acute pain.

Oxycodone is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

How do people take oxycodone?

• By swallowing tablets, capsules, or liquid.
• By injecting as a solution (tablets dissolved in water).
• By sniffing crushed tablets.
• By inhaling smoke or vapor.

How does oxycodone make people feel?

The effects of oxycodone may include:

• Relief from pain.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using oxycodone:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Breathing too slowly or shallowly (respiratory depression).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of an opioid can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®), are given quickly.

Is oxycodone addictive?

People who use oxycodone may develop an opioid use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder.

Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®).
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

DEA schedule: Schedule II

PCP (phencyclidine), or “angel dust,” is a synthetic (lab-made) dissociative drug developed as an intravenous (I.V.) anesthetic that has been discontinued due to serious negative health effects.

How do people take PCP?

By mouth as a powder (dissolved in alcohol or water), tablets, capsules, or liquid. Tobacco or cannabis cigarettes may also be laced with PCP.

How does PCP make people feel?

The effects of PCP may include:

• Altered perception of reality.
• Feelings of being disconnected from body and environment.
• Delusions.
• Hallucinations.
• Paranoia.
• Aggression.
• Anxiety.

Health risks of using PCP:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Rapid eye movement.
• Elevated body temperature.
• Seizures.
• Memory loss.
• Coma. 
• Death.

PCP has also been linked to self-injury, prolonged psychosis, and PCP-induced depression, which is associated with a high rate of suicide.

Is PCP addictive?

PCP is generally considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a phencyclidine use disorder. More research is needed.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

Prescription drugs are prescribed (ordered) by a health care provider, bought at a pharmacy, prescribed for and intended to be used by one person, and regulated by the FDA.

Prescription drugs are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed or taken without a prescription.

Also, illegal counterfeit pills, which are often made to resemble prescription medications, can contain deadly doses of fentanyl.

Example of commonly misused prescription drugs:

• Amphetamines.
• Anabolic steroids.
• Barbiturates.
• Benzodiazepines.
• Codeine.
• Fentanyl.
• Hydrocodone.
• Hydromorphone.
• Ketamine.
• Meperidine.
• Methadone.
• Methylphenidate.
• Morphine.
• Oxycodone.
• Sleep medications (non-benzodiazepine).

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medicine misuse. 

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Psilocybin is the active ingredient of certain types of mushrooms. It belongs to a group of drugs called psychedelics or hallucinogens. They have the potential to change a person’s sense of reality, leading them to see, hear, and feel things that are not happening in real life, or to experience reality in a different way.

How do people take psilocybin?

By swallowing as raw, dried, or powdered mushrooms, swallowing as a tea, or adding to other foods.

How does psilocybin make people feel?

The effects of psilocybin may include:

• Altered perception.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Extreme fear, anxiety, panic, or paranoia.
• Feelings of being disconnected from body and environment. 
• Confusion.
• Agitation.

Health risks of using psilocybin:

• Increased blood pressure and heart rate.
• Vomiting or nausea.
• Misidentifying mushrooms and taking a toxic mushroom.

Is psilocybin addictive?

Psychedelic drugs are generally considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a hallucinogen-related substance use disorder. More research is needed.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psilocybin.
• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

Psychedelic drugs can temporarily alter a person’s mood, thoughts, and perceptions of reality. Psychedelic drugs primarily influence the way the brain processes the chemical serotonin. They can bring on vivid visions and affect a person’s sense of self.

Examples of psychedelic drugs:

• DMT.
• LSD.
• Mescaline.
• NBOMes.
• Psilocybin (magic mushrooms).

Some researchers categorize the following as psychedelics:

• Ibogaine.
• MDMA (ecstasy).
• Salvia.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.

DEA schedule: Schedule IV

Salvia is a plant (Salvia divinorum) found in southern Mexico and Central and South America. The active ingredient in salvia is salvinorin A. Salvia divinorum is different from common ornamental salvias, the herb sage (Salvia officinals L.), or chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.).

Salvinorin A is often categorized as a psychedelic. But unlike most psychedelic or dissociative drugs that interact with serotonin receptors, it acts on a type of opioid receptors, called kappa opioid receptors.

How do people take salvia?

• By swallowing liquid extract.
• By chewing.
• By smoking.
• By vaporizing.

How does salvia make people feel?

The effects of salvia have not been well studied and may be difficult to predict, but may include:

• Dysphoria (feeling negative emotions).
• Hallucinations.
• Feelings of detachment from environment.
• Out-of-body sensations.
• Hallucinations, such as colorful visions.

Health risks of using salvia:

• Negative effects can include loss of coordination, dizziness, and slurred speech.

Is salvia addictive?

Very little scientific research has been conducted on salvia. Salvia is considered to have low addiction potential, although it is possible for people to develop a hallucinogen-related substance use disorder. More research is needed.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of psychedelic and dissociative drugs.
• NIDA research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic and dissociative drugs as medications.
• Salvia Fact Sheet from United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

Commercial brands: Lunesta^® (eszopiclone), Sonata^® (zaleplon), Ambien^® (zolpidem)

DEA schedule: Schedule IV

Non-benzodiazepine sleep medications are prescribed to treat insomnia. They are thought to have fewer side effects and less risk of dependence than benzodiazepines.

Sleep medications are misused when they are taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

How do people take sleep medications?

By swallowing tablets, capsules, or liquid.

How do sleep medications make people feel?

The effects of non-benzodiazepine sleep medications may slow down the central nervous system causing:

• Drowsiness.
• A reduction in the amount of time it takes to fall asleep (sleep latency).
• Improved sleep quality.

Health risks of using sleep medications:

• Headaches.
• Dizziness
• Nausea.

Rare but serious injuries have happened with non-benzodiazepine sleep medications including sleepwalking, sleep driving, and doing other activities while not fully awake. These complex sleep behaviors have also resulted in deaths. 

Are sleep medications addictive?

People who use non-benzodiazepines sleep medications may develop a substance use disorder. This type of use disorder is called a sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorders. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medicine misuse. 

Stimulants are a class of drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system.

Examples of stimulant drugs:

• Amphetamines.
• Cocaine.
• Vape.
• Khat.
• MDMA (ecstasy).
• Methamphetamine.
• Methylphenidate.
• Nicotine.
• Synthetic cathinones (bath salts).
• Tobacco.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of lab-made substances that are chemically similar to chemicals found in the cannabis plant, though they often produce stronger effects.

Illegally made synthetic cannabinoids are usually added to liquid cartridges used in vaping devices or added to dried, shredded plant material so they can be smoked.

How do people take synthetic cannabinoids?

By inhaling by vaping or smoking.

How do synthetic cannabinoids make people feel?

The effects of synthetic cannabinoids are similar to cannabis, but stronger. They may include:

• Feeling relaxed.
• An increased appetite.
• Irritability and restlessness.
• Anxiety.
• Fear. 
• Distrust.
• Panic.
• Hallucinations.

Health risks of using synthetic cannabinoids:

Synthetic cannabinoids have been shown to cause health risks similar to, but more severe, than those from cannabis.  Effects may include:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Unconsciousness.
• Tremors and seizures.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Numbness and tingling.
• Death by heart attack or organ failure.

Synthetic cannabinoids have also been involved in accidental overdose deaths.

Are synthetic cannabinoids addictive?

People who use synthetic cannabinoids may develop a cannabis use disorder. Withdrawal symptoms are similar to, but more severe, than those with cannabis, though more research is needed. 

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat cannabis use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of synthetic cannabinoids.
• NIDA research on emerging drugs.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

Synthetic cathinones, also known as bath salts, are a class of lab-made stimulants chemically related to substances found in the khat plant. Khat is a shrub grown in East Africa and southern Arabia that some people consume for its stimulant effects. 

People may use illegal synthetic cathinones on purpose—sometimes as cheaper or more accessible alternatives to other drugs—or unknowingly, as contaminants in other drugs. 

How do people take synthetic cathinones?

• By sniffing or snorting.
• By swallowing tablets or capsules.
• By smoking.
• By injecting as a solution.

How do synthetic cathinones make people feel?

The effects of synthetic cathinones may include:

• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Increased alertness.
• Increased energy.
• Confusion.
• Agitation.
• Hallucinations.
• Aggression.

Health risks of using synthetic cathinones:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Elevated body temperature. 
• Sweating.
• Headaches.
• Dizziness.
• Seizures.

Are synthetic cathinones addictive?

People who use synthetic cathinones regularly may develop stimulant use disorder. 

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat stimulant use disorders. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.”

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of synthetic cathinones.
• NIDA research on emerging drugs.

Synthetic drugs are substances that are synthetized or made in a laboratory.

For example, synthetic drugs like the opioid fentanyl are different from drugs made from natural compounds like the opioid codeine.

Examples of synthetic drugs:

• Anabolic steroids.
• Fentanyl.
• GHB.
• LSD.
• MDMA (ecstasy).
• Methamphetamine.
• NBOMes.
• PCP (angel dust).
• Synthetic cannabinoids (k2, spice).
• Synthetic cathinones (bath salts).

DEA schedule: Not Scheduled

Tianeptine is an antidepressant medication that is not approved for use in the United States. People buy tianeptine in dietary supplements marketed as cognitive enhancers or nootropics, often in convenience stores and online.

How do people take tianeptine?

By swallowing tablets, capsules, or liquid.

How does tianeptine make people feel?

The effects of tianeptine may include euphoria similar to opioids.

Health risks of using tianeptine:

Tianeptine is not an opioid, but at high doses it can have opioid-like effects, such as dangerous drops in blood pressure, heart rate, or breathing. 

Is tianeptine addictive?

People who use tianeptine may develop substance use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms may include pain and problems with the brain, heart, and digestive function.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat tianeptine-related substance use disorder. However, early evidence suggests that tianeptine-related substance use disorder can be treated with medications for opioid use disorder, such as buprenorphine.

Read more:

• NIDA research on emerging drug trends.

DEA schedule: Not Scheduled

Tobacco is a plant with leaves that are cured, aged, and processed in various ways. Tobacco leaves contain the active ingredient nicotine, which is highly addictive.

How do people take tobacco?

• By smoking cigarettes, hookahs, cigars, or cigarillos.
• By chewing.
• By inhaling through the nose (dry snuff).
• By placing in the mouth as powdered or shredded tobacco (dipping).

How does tobacco make people feel?

The effects of nicotine may include:

• A “buzz” caused in part by a release of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). The rush increases blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate.
• Feelings of pleasure and relaxation.

Health risks of using tobacco:

• Increased risk of cancer, especially lung cancer when smoked and oral cancers when chewed.
• Increased risk of lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
• Increase in asthma symptoms.
• Increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Increased risk of heart disease.
• Increased risk of oral health problems.
• Increased risk of depression and insomnia.

In teens, tobacco use may cause changes to the development of the parts of the brain that control attention and learning. Other risks include mood disorders, and problems with impulse control.

Is tobacco addictive?

People who use nicotine may develop nicotine addiction or tobacco use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Irritability.
• Craving.
• Depression.
• Anxiety.
• Temporary losses in cognitive and attention abilities.
• Sleep disturbances.
• Increased appetite. 

Approved treatments:

Effective treatments include both behavioral therapies and FDA-approved medications: Bupropion (Zyban^®), Varenicline (Chantix^®), and nicotine replacement therapy products, such as gum, patches, sprays, inhalers, and lozenges.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of tobacco, nicotine, and e-cigarettes.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about how nicotine affects the teen brain.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about the body’s response to nicotine, tobacco and vaping.

DEA schedule: Schedule IV

Tramadol is a prescription opioid pain reliever used for mild to moderate pain.

Tramadol is misused when it is taken in a way or dose that’s different than prescribed, taken without a prescription, or taken with other drugs to boost intoxicating effects.

How do people take tramadol?

By swallowing tablets or syrup.

How does tramadol make people feel?

The effects of tramadol may include:

• Pain relief.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using tramadol:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Breathing too slowly or shallowly (respiratory depression).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much tramadol can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®), are given quickly.

Is tramadol addictive?

People who use tramadol may develop an opioid use disorder.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).

Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®) .
• NIDA research on the health effects of prescription medications.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

DEA schedule: Schedule I

U-4770 is an illegally made synthetic (lab-made) opioid that is about 7.5 times the strength of morphine.

How do people take U-4770?

• By swallowing tablets.
• By snorting powder.
• By injecting.

How does U-4770 make people feel?

The effects of U-4770 may include:

• Pain relief.
• Euphoria (intense happiness or feelings of well-being).
• Drowsiness.
• Confusion.

Health risks of using U-4770:

• Nausea.
• Constipation.
• Increased sensitivity to pain, after long-term use.
• Breathing too slowly or shallowly (respiratory depression).
• Overdose and death.

Taking too much of U-4770 can slow breathing so much that the person suffocates. An overdose can be reversed if overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®), are given quickly.

Is U-4770 addictive?

People who use U-4770 may develop an opioid use disorder (OUD).

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Muscle and bone pain.
• Cold flashes with goose bumps.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.
• Involuntary leg movements.
• Restlessness.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia. 

Approved treatments:

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are all FDA-approved medications to treat opioid use disorder (OUD).

Lofexidine is an FDA-approved medication to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

There are also behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of opioids.
• NIDA research on overdose reversal medications, including naloxone (sometimes sold as Narcan^®) .
• NIDA research on emerging drugs.
• NIDA research on medications to treat opioid use disorder.

DEA schedule: Not Scheduled

Vaping devices are battery-operated devices that people use to inhale an aerosol, which usually contains nicotine, as well as flavorings and other chemicals. They may look like traditional tobacco cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or even everyday items like pens or USB memory sticks. Other devices, such as those with fillable tanks, may look different.

Nicotine is a highly addictive active ingredient in the tobacco plant. It can also be synthetic (lab-made).

Compounds in cannabis can also be extracted to make oils and concentrates that can be vaped or inhaled with devices that are like e-cigarettes. See cannabis for more information.

How do people use vapes?

By inhaling through a cartridge or tank filled with liquid.

How do vapes make people feel?

The effects of vaping nicotine may include:

• A “buzz” caused in part by a release of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). The rush increases blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate.
• Feelings of pleasure and relaxation.

Health risks of vaping nicotine:

Long-term data is limited, and more research is needed, but people who vape may experience:

• An increase in blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate.
• An increased risk of heart health problems.
• Damaged lung tissue that lines the airways and alveoli (small air sacs in the lungs).
• An increased risk of respiratory irritation, fluid in the lungs, low oxygen levels in the lungs, and lung injuries.

In teens, use of nicotine may cause changes to the development of the parts of the brain that control attention and learning. Other risks include mood disorders, and problems with impulse control.

Vaping also exposes the lungs to a variety of chemicals, including those added to e-liquids, and other chemicals produced during the heating and vaporizing process.

Are vapes addictive?

People who use nicotine in any form may develop nicotine addiction.

Nicotine withdrawal symptoms can include:

• Irritability.
• Craving.
• Depression.
• Anxiety.
• Cognitive and attention deficits.
• Sleep disturbances.
• Increased appetite. 

Approved treatments:

Effective treatments for nicotine addiction include both behavioral therapies and FDA-approved medications: Bupropion (Zyban^®), Varenicline (Chantix^®), and nicotine replacement products, such as gum, patches, sprays, inhalers, and lozenges.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of tobacco, nicotine, and e-cigarettes.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about how nicotine affects the teen brain.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens about the body’s response to nicotine, tobacco and vaping.

DEA schedule: Not Scheduled

Volatile solvents are inhalants, chemicals that produce intoxicating vapors. Other inhalants are aerosols, gases, and nitrites.

Volatile solvents are liquids that vaporize at room temperature. These include paint thinners and removers, dry-cleaning fluids, degreasers, gasoline, glues, correction fluids, and felt-tip markers.

How do people take volatile solvents?

• By sniffing or snorting fumes from containers or bags (also called bagging).
• By spraying aerosols directly into the nose or mouth.
• By huffing (breathing in) from an inhalant-soaked rag.

How do volatile solvents make people feel?

The effects of volatile solvents may include:

• Effects similar to alcohol, sedatives, or early stages of anesthesia.
• A short-lasting high along with feelings of warmth and excitement.
• Light-headedness, seeing things in a distorted way, disorganized thinking.

Health risks of using volatile solvents:

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Confusion and delirium.
• Dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, lethargy, slower reflexes and muscle weakness.
• Fatal heart failure, known as “sudden sniffing death.”

Are volatile solvents addictive?

Some people who use inhalants develop inhalant use disorder. Regular use of inhalants can lead to symptoms of withdrawal after a person stops using them, including irritability, anxiety, and drug craving.

Approved treatments:

There are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat inhalant use disorder. There are behavioral treatments for substance use disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of inhalants.
• Lesson plans for teaching children and teens the health risks of inhalants, and how they alter brain function. 

DEA schedule: Not Scheduled

Xylazine is a tranquilizer, pain reliever, and central nervous system depressant that is FDA-approved for use in veterinary medicine. It has not been approved for human use. Xylazine is not an opioid, but it is often mixed with illegally made opioids, most frequently fentanyl.

How do people take xylazine?

By injecting (often mixed in with illegally made opioids).

How does xylazine make people feel?

The effects of xylazine may include:

• Drowsiness.
• Slowed brain activity.
• Relaxed muscles.

Health risks of using xylazine:

• Slowed heart rate and breathing. At certain doses, xylazine’s effects can be life threatening.
• Repeated xylazine use can cause painful and difficult-to-treat skin and muscle (“soft tissue”) sores. If left untreated, the sores can grow and become infected and lead to patches of dead and dying tissue. These may require the affected body part to be amputated.

Is xylazine addictive?

More research is needed to understand the addictive potential.

Read more:

• NIDA research on the health effects of xylazine.